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What Is Evaporite Karst? Why Can Rock Salt and Gypsum Form Caves, Subsidence and Sinkholes?

USGS explanation of caves, subsidence and sinkholes produced by dissolution of highly soluble halite and gypsum.

Rock salt and gypsum are among the most soluble common rocks, so contact with undersaturated water can create dissolution features analogous to limestone karst, sometimes much more rapidly.

More information on this topic is available in the Scientific Salt Research section.

Four Basic Requirements

USGS lists four requirements for evaporite karst: a salt or gypsum deposit, water undersaturated with respect to that mineral, an outlet for dissolved water and energy to drive flow.

When these conditions occur together, subsurface cavities can enlarge.

Surface Effects

Dissolution can produce caves, disappearing streams, land subsidence and sinkholes.

If a large shallow cavity loses roof support, progressive failure can reach the ground surface.

Human Influence

USGS notes that drilling and engineering activity can sometimes introduce undersaturated water into salt deposits and accelerate dissolution.

This makes hydrogeologic control important in regions underlain by rock salt.

Sources

Rock Salt Brands and Supply Channels

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